The objective of this assignment is to have you conduct some simple crosstabulations using U.S. census data and interpret your results. This exercise will help you understand patterns of U.S. fertility as you investigate these patterns for yourself.
You will work in groups of 2-3 students (no group may contain more than 3 students). In most cases one grade will be assigned to the entire group; however, grades may be adjusted depending on the grade that group members assign each other. The final assignment will consist of charts, graphs, and text explaining the patterns that are observed. I will provide each group a data set, definitions of terms, and a list of questions that should be answered in the assignment. You will provide evidence to answer each question and comment on any other patterns that you observed. We will briefly discuss your results in class. Be sure to provide some numbers in each answer to provide evidence to support your reply. Graphs should be used for almost every question.
The assignment is due at the start of class on Wednesday FEBRUARY 11th. No late assignments will be accepted. In order to receive full credit for the assignment, all group members must attend class on Feb. 11th and be prepared to summarize your results. You should not wait until the last minute to start this assignment.
All of the data files (except KIDEMP-9) are in the custom folder on the disk. KIDEMP-9 is in the Cen90c folder.
IF YOU ARE USING A MAC MACHINE YOU MUST HOLD DOWN THE SHIFT KEY WHEN YOU START THE MACHINE!! YOU WANT TO HAVE ALL OF THE EXTENSIONS OFF. IF YOU DO NOT RESTART YOUR MACHINE AND HOLD DOWN THE SHIFT KEY, THE PROGRAM WILL FREEZE UP!
If you have questions, please email (wmannin@opie.bgsu.edu), telephone
(2-2850), or stop by my office (233 Williams Hall).
GROUP 1: Teenage Fertility and Race
Data: TNMR7090 women 15-20 years old 1970-1990
Definitions:
Race - Unfortunately this data file only contains two racial groups: Black and Nonblack. Black refers to persons who identified their race as Black and the Nonblack category includes all other groups.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
Ouestions:
1. Is teenage childbearing increasing? Determine the percentage of teenage women (15-20) that have had a birth each decade. CROSSTAB child and year. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are teenage women having more children? Report the percentage of teenage women having none, one, two, three or more children for each year. What year has the highest percentage of teenage women having three or more children?
3. Are higher percentages of teenage black women becoming teenage mothers than teenage nonblack women? Determine the percentage of teenage black women that have had a birth each decade and provide the same percentage for nonblack women. Crosstab chil by year and CONTROL for race. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
4. Do black or nonblack women have more teenage births? Establish the percentage of teenage black and nonblack women in each year who have had 3 or more births.
5. Are most children born to teenagers born to black or nonblack women and has this changed over time? Use the MODIFY command to combine the 1,2,3+ categories. Crosstab child by race and control for year. Report the percentage of women who have had a birth who are black and nonblack. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP2: Teenage Fertility end poverty
Data: TNMR7090 women 15-20 years old 1970- 1990
Definitions:
Poverty - The poverty status of a family is based on the families total income and whether or not it falls before the poverty cutoff. This cutoff is based on the assumed costs of families nutritional needs and differs according to family's size and composition. For example, the 1990 Census used a poverty cutoff of $12,675 for a family of four. Incomes can be expressed as a ratio of the poverty cutoff. For example, if the poverty cutoff for a family of four is $12,675 a family income up to 1.5x the poverty cutoff is equal to $19,012 (1.5x$12,675). A family of four is considered "near poor" if their income is greater than $12,1675 and less than $19,012. The following categories are used in this file.
Poor - income below the poverty cutoff
Near Poor - income 1- 1.5x the poverty cutoff
Not Poor - income above 1.5x the poverty cutoff
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
Ouestions:
1. Is teenage childbearing increasing? Determine the percentage of teenage women (15-20) that have had a birth each decade. CROSSTAB child and year. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are teenage women having more children? Report the percentage of teenage women having none, one, two, three or more children for each decade. What year has the highest percentage of teenage women having three or more children?
3. Are poor teenage women more likely to be mothers than nonpoor mothers and has this pattern shifted? Determine the percentage of teenage poor women that have had a birth each decade and provide the same percentages for near poor and not poor women. Crosstab child by year and control for poverty. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
4. Do poor women have more teenage births than other women? Establish the percentage of teenage poor, near poor, and not poor women in each year who have had 3 or more births. Crosstab child by year and control for poverty. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
5. Are most children born to teenagers born to poor women and has this changed over time? Use the MODIFY command to combine the 1,2,3+ categories of the child variable so you have two categories: no children and some children. Crosstab child by poor and control for year. Report the percentage of women who have had a birth who are poor, near poor, and not poor. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 3: Teenage Fertility and Marital Status
Data: TNMR7090 women 15-20 years old 1970-1990
Definitions: Marital Status -Classified into the following categories: currently married - currently married and not separated never married - single and never has been married divorced, separated, widowed - includes legally divorced and separated or widow have not remarried
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
Ouestions:
1. Is teenage childbearing increasing? Determine the percentage of teenage women ( 15-20) that have had a birth each decade. CROSSTAB child and year. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are teenage women having more children? Report the percentage of teenage women having none, one, two, three or more children for each decade. What year has the highest percentage of teenage women having three or more children?
3. Are married teenage women more likely to have a child than never married teenage women? Determine the percentage of teenage married women that have had a birth each year and provide the same percentages for the other marital status categories. Crosstab child by year and CONTROL for marital status. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
4. Do married women have more teenage births than other women? Establish the percentage of teenage women who were never married and married in each year who have had 3 or more births.
5. Are most children born to teenagers born to married women and has this changed over time? Use the MODIFY command to combine the 1,2,3+ categories of the child variable so you have two categories of children: some and none. Crosstab child by marital status and control for year. Report the percentage of women who have had a birth who are currently married, never married, and divorced/separated/widowed. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 4: Teenage Fertility and Age of Mother
Data: TNMR5090 women 15-20 years old 1950- 1990
Definitions:
Age of Mother - This variables contains the following categories: 15,16,17,18,19,20.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
Ouestions:
1. Is teenage childbearing increasing and how does it compare to the levels in the 1950s? Determine the percentage of teenage women that have had a birth each decade. Crosstab Child and Year. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are teenage women having more children in recent decades? Report the
percentage of teenage
women having none, one, two, three or more children for each decade. What
year has the highest
percentage of teenage women having three or more children?
3. Are young teenagers more likely to be mothers than older teenagers? Determine the percentage of teenage women that have had a birth each decade for each age group. Crosstab child by year and control for age. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
4. Do younger teens have more children than older teenage mothers? Report the percentage of 16 year olds that have had 3+ children birth each year and provide the same percentage for 19 year olds. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
5. Are most children born to teenagers born to older or younger teenage women and has this changed over time? You can consider 15 year olds younger teens and 19 year olds older teens. Use the MODIFY command on the child variable to combine the 1,2,3+ children so you have two categories: none and some. Crosstab child by age and control for year. Report the percentage of women who have had a birth who are younger and older. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 5: Teenage Fertility and Education
Data: TNMR5090 women 15-20 years old 1950-1990
Definitions:
Age of Mother - This variables contains the following categories: 15,16,17,18,19,20.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
Education - The highest level of school completed or highest degree received. This variable includes the following groups: less than high school, high school, and some college or higher.
Ouestions:
1. Is teenage childbearing increasing and how does it compare to levels in the 1950s? Determine the percentage of teenage women that have had a birth each year. Crosstab child by year. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are teenage women having more children? Report the percentage of teenage women having none, one, two, three or more children for each year. What year has the highest percentage of teenage women having three or more children?
3. Are teenagers with less than a high school degree more likely to have a child than those with a high school degree? Determine the percentage of teenage women that have had a birth each year for each education category. Crosstab child by year and CONTROL for education. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
4. Among older teenagers who have had a chance to complete their degree (19 year olds), are teenagers with less than a high school degree more likely to have had a child than women with a high school degree. Use the MODIFY command to combine the 1,2,3+ categories of the CHILD variable so you have two categories: none and some. Then CROSSTAB the year and child variables controlling for education and age. Report the percent of women 19 years old with less than a high school degreee who had children in contrast to 19 years without a high school degree.
5. Are most children born to teenagers born to women without a high school degree and has this changed over time? Report the percentage of women who have had a birth for each education category. You have already mod)fied your CHILD variable in #4 above. Crosstab child by education controlling for year. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 6: Childbearing and Education Trends
Data: BORN5090 women 195(
Definitions:
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54,
55-64, 65+. For this
exercise we are
interested in only women 35-44 because most of them have completed their
childbearing.
Education - The highest level of school completed or highest degree received. This variable includes the following groups: less than high school, high school, some college, and college graduate or higher.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none ever married, none never married, one, two, three, four, five, six or more.
Ouestions:
1. Has childlessness increased in recent decades? Report the percentage of women 35-44 year old who have no children for each year. Crosstab age and year and CONTROL for age. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are women having more children? Report the percentage of 35-44 year old women having none, one, two, three or more children for each year.
3. Do women with a low education level have more children than women with a high education level and how has this pattern shifted? Determine the percentage of 35-44 year old women that have had a birth each decade for each education category. Crosstab child by year and CONTROL for AGE and EDUCATION. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time. You can use the MODIFY command to group those with 3 or more children together.
4. Are most childless women highly educated? Do you observe any change over time? Use the MODIFY command to combine the None EM and None NM groups together into one category. Looking at only women 35-44 who are childless, report the percentage who fall into each education cateogry. Then for women 35-44 who have children, report the percentage that fall into each education category. Make these comparisions for each year. Crosstab child by education control for age and year. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 7: Childbearing Trends and Race
Data BORN5090 women 1950
Definitions:
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54,
55-64, 65+. For this
exercise we are
interested only in women 35-44 because most of them have completed their
childbearing.
Race - Unfortunately this data file only contains two racial groups: Black and Nonblack. Black refers to persons who identified their race as Black and the Nonblack category includes all other groups.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none ever married, none never married, one, two, three, four, five, six or more.
Questions:
1. Has childlessness increased in recent decades? Report the percentage of women 35-44 year old who have no children for each year. Crosstab child and year and CONTROL for age. (HINT: For each decade the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are women having more children? Report the percentage of 35-44 year old women having none, one, two, three or more children for each year.
3. Do women black women have more children than nonblack women and how has this pattern shifted? Determine the percentage of 35-44 year old women that have had a birth each decade for each race category. Crosstab child by year and use the CONTROL command twice to control for age and race. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time. HINT: You can use the MODIFY command to group those with 4 or more children together.
4. Are most childless women black or nonblack and are most women with four or more children black or nonblack? Do you observe any change over time? Use the MODIFY command to combine the None EM and None NM groups together and the four or more children categories together. Look only at the 35-44 year old childless women, and report the percentage in each racial group. Then look only at 35-44 year old women who have children and report the percentage in each racial group. Be sure to do this for each year. Crosstab child by race and control for age and year. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 8: Childbearing and Race-Ethnicity
Data: BORN9 women
Definitions:
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54,
55-64, 65+. For this
exercise, we are interested only in women 35-44 because most of them have
completed their childbearing.
Race - Identifies the major ethnic groups, combining race and Hispanic-origin
classifications used by
the Census Bureau based on a person's self-identification.
Non-Latino White (NLWhite) - all persons who indicated their race
as white and not of Latino
origin.
Black - All persons who indicated their race as black
Latino - persons who are not Black and identified themselves as Mexican,
Puerto Rican,
Cuban or
Other Spanish/Hispanic. This category can refer to ancestry, nationality
group, lineage, or
country of birth of the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival
in the U.S.
Asian - includes all persons who indicated their race or ethnicity
as Chinese, Filipino,
Japanese, Asian Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, Thai
or Other Asian. Also
includes persons who indicated their race as Haiwaiian, Samoan, Guamanian
or other Pacific
Islander.
Other (NLOTHER) - includes persons who indicated other in
the race classification and are
not of Latino origin. It also includes all persons who classified themselves
as American Indian, Eskimc
or Aleut. This category also includes people who identified themselves as
interracial,
multiracial, multiethnic, mixed or Wesort.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none ever married, none never married, one, two, three, four, five, six or more.
Questions:
1. In 1990 did most women have one or two children? Report the percentages from marginals command.
2. Among women who recently completed their childbearing (35-44 year olds), what percentage of women were childless and how many children had women borne? CROSSTAB age and child. (HINT: For each age the percentages should sum to 100.0)
3. Do women belonging to certain race/ethnic groups have more children than other groups? Also what race/ethnic group has the highest levels of childlessness. Determine the percentage of 35-44 year old women who have had each number of children. CROSSTAB age and child, then CONTROL for race. HINT: You can use the MODIFY command to group those with 4 or more children together.
4. Among childless women, have most childless women never been married? Among childless women, which race/ethnic group has the highest perecentage of never-married childless women? Establish the percentage of 35-44 women for each race-ethnic group with no children. Report the percentages who have never been married and ever been married.
5. Do most childless women belong to a certain race-ethnic group? Are women with four or more children more likely to be from a particular race-ethnic group? Use the MODIFY command to combine the None EM and None NM groups together and the four or more children categories together. Looking only at the 35-44 year old women, report the percentage in each racial group for childless women and women with four or more children. Crosstab child by race and control for age. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 9: Childbearing Trends and Marital Status
Data: MRFM5090 women 1950-1990
Definitions: Marital Status -Class)fied into the following categories: currently married - currently married and not separated never married - single and never has been married divorced, separated, widowed - includes legally divorced and separated or widows who have not remarried
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+. For this exercise we are interested in women 35-44 because most of them have completed their childbearing.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none and some.
Questions:
1. Is childlessness increasing? Report percentage of 35-44 year old women who have never had a child for each decade. CROSSTAB child and year and CONTROL for age. (HINT: For each decade the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are married women more likely than women with other marital histories to have never had a child? Report the percentage of 35-44 year old women who have never had a child in each year for each marital status. Crosstab child and year and control for age and martial status. You will use the CONTROL command twice .
3. Are most childless women never-married and has this shifted since 1950? Report the marital status of childless 35-44 year old women. Crosstab child and marital status controlling for year and age. (Hint: For each child category the percentages will sum to 100.0)
4. Is teenage childbearing increasing? Present the percentage of 15-19 year old women who have had a child for each year. CROSSTAB child and year and CONTROL for age. (HINT: For each decade the percentages should sum to 100.0)
5. Are married teenage women more likely to have a child than never married teenage women? Describe the differences and any change you observe over time. Determine the percentage of 1519 year old married women that have had a birth each year and provide the same percentages for the other marital status categories. CROSSTAB age and child, then CONTROL for marital status.
GROUP 10: Employment, Race-Ethnicity and Childbearing
Data: KIDEMP-9 women 25-34 currently married in 1990
Definitions:
Labor force status - The civilian labor force includes person ages 16 and
over who either have a job
(employed) or
able and looking for work (unemployed). The civilian population age 16 and
over can be class)fied
into the
following:
Not in the labor force (NILF) persons without a job and not available
for work (e.g. full-time
students,
homemakers, retirees.)
In the labor force -unemployed (UNEMPD) persons who are able to work
and who are
looking for work
or laid off from a job.
In the labor force - emploved full-time (EMPFULL) persons with a
full-time job
In the labor force - emploved part-time (EMPPART) persons with a
part-time job
Race -Identifies the major ethnic groups, combining race and Hispanic-origin
class)fications used by
the Census Bureau based on a person's self-identification.
Non-Latino White (NLWhite) - all persons who indicated their race
as white and not of Latino
origin.
Black - All persons who indicated their race as black
Latino - persons who are not Black and identified themselves as Mexican,
Puerto Rican,
Cuban or Other Spanish/Hispanic. This category can refer to ancestry, nationality
group, lineage, or country
of birth of the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival
in the U.S.
Asian - includes all persons who indicated their race or ethnicity
as Chinese, Filipino,
Japanese, Asian, Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian,
Thai or Other Asian. Also includes
persons who indicated their race as Haiwaiian, Samoan, Guamanian or other
Pacific Islander.
Other (NLOTHER) - includes persons who indicated other in
the race class)fication and are
not of Latino origin. It also includes all persons who classified themselves
as American Indian, Eskimo, or
Aleut. This category also includes people who identified themselves as interracial,
multiracial, multiethnic,
mixed or Wesort.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, less than age 6, and older than age 6.
Questions:
1. Are most full-time workers mothers or not? Is this percentage similar to that found for part-time workers? Report the motherhood status of full-time and part-time workers. Crosstab child by employment. (HINT: For each employment category the percentages will sum to 100.0.)
2. Does young married mother's labor force participation differ based on the age of their child (preschool or not)? CROSSTAB child by employment.
3. Do some race-ethnic groups with preschool children work full-time more often than others? Report the percentage of women with preschool age children working full-time for each race/ethnicity. Crosstab of child by employment and CONTROL for race-ethnicity. (HINT: The percentages for the child categories will sum to 100.0.)
4. What percentage of young married mothers are in the labor force full-time and what percentage are not in the labor force? How do these percentages compare for women who have not had children? Use the MODIFY command to combine the categories of the child variable into two groups: none and some. CROSSTAB child by employment. (HINT: For each child category the percentages will sum to 100.0.)
5. Are full-time working mothers more likely to belong to a particular race-ethnic group than women not in the labor force? You have already used the MODIFY command to recode the child variable in #4 above. Crosstab child by race-ethnicity controlling for employment. (HINT: The percentages for the child categories will sum to 100.0.)
GROUP 1 1: Employment, Education and Childbearing
Data: KIDEMP-9 women 25-34 currently married in 1990
Definitions:
Labor force status - The civilian labor force includes person ages 16 and
over who either have a job
(employed) or able and looking for work (unemployed). The civilian population
age 16 and over can be classified
into the following:
Not in the labor force (NILF) persons without a job and not available
for work (e.g. full-time
students, homemakers, retirees.)
In the labor force -unemployed (UNEMPD) persons who are able to work
and who are
looking for work or laid off from a job.
In the labor force - emploved full-time (EMPFULL) persons with a
full-time job
In the labor force - emploved part-time (EMPPART) persons with a
part-time job
Education - The highest level of school completed or highest degree received. This variable includes the following groups: less than high school, high school, some college, and college graduate or higher.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, less than age 6, and older than age
Ouestions:
1. Are most full-time workers mothers or not? Is this percentage similar to that found for part-time workers? Report the motherhood status of full-time and part-time workers. Crosstab child by employment. (HINT: For each employment category the percentages will sum to 100.0.)
2. How does the education level compare for young married women with no children, young preschool age children, and older children? Crosstab child by education. (HINT: For each education category the percentages will sum to 100.0.)
3. Do women with low educational levels who have preschool children work full-time more often than women with high education levels? Report the results of a crosstab of child by employment using the CONTROL command for education. (HINT: The percentages for the child categories will sum to 100.0.)
4. What percentage of young married mothers are in the labor force full-time and what percentage are not in the labor force? How do these numbers compare for women who have not had children? Use the MODIFY command to combine the categories of the child variable into two groups: none and some. Crosstab child by employment. (HINT: For each child category the percentages will sum to 100.0.)
5. Are full-time working mothers more likely to have a specific education level than part-time workers or women not in the labor force? Use the MODIFY command to combine the two age groups of children. Crosstab the child by education controlling lor employment. (HINT: The percentages for each child category will sum to 100.0%.)
GROUP 12: Earnings and Childbearing
Data EARNWN9 women 25-64
Definitions:
Labor force status - The civilian labor force includes person ages 16 and
over who either have a job
(employed) or able and looking for work (unemployed). The civilian population
age 16 and over can be classified
into the following:
Not in the labor force (NILF) persons without a job and not available
for work (e.g. full-time
students, homemakers, retirees.)
In the labor force -unemployed (UNEMPD) persons who are able to work
and who are
looking for work or laid off from a job.
In the labor force - (EMPD) persons who are working full- or part-time.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, less than age 6, and older than age 6.
Earnings - Money a person makes from working, as wages, salary, or a form of self-employment, expressed as an annual amount. The categories included in this data file: <15K, 15-25K, 25-35K, 35- SOK, 50+K
Marital Status -Classified into the following categories: currently married - currently married and not separated never married - single and never has been married divorced - legally divorced who have not remarried separated - living apart from spouse but are not yet legally di widowed - spouse has died and have not remarried
Age - The following age groups are included: 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64.
Ouestions:
1. How do women's earnings differ based on the number and age of their children. CROSSTAB child by earnings variables. (HINT: The percentages for the categories of the child variable should sum to 100.0)
2. If we just compare women who are employed, how do women's earnings differ based on the number age of their children. Does the same relationship between earnings and childbearing exist for each employment category? CROSSTAB child by earnings, then CONTROL for employment.
3. How do the earnings of young women (25-34) with and without children compare? CROSSTAB child by earnings, then CONTROL for age.
4. Do married women with young children have higher earnings than married women without children? Report the percentages from the crosstab of child by earnings controlling for marital status.
5. Are high earning women more likely to not have children then women with low earnings? Use the MODIFY command to combine the two age groups of children so you have a two category child variable: none and some. CROSSTAB child by earnings. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the earnings variable.)
GROUP 13: Family Type, Poverty and Childbearing
Data: FAMILY9
1990 fami
Definitions:
Family Type - A household in which the head (householder) is related to
one or more other person
by birth,
marriage, or adoption. Family households are class)fied into the following
three categories:
Married Couple - Husband and wife living together along with any other relatives (e.g., children)
Male Headed Family - A household headed by an adult male, with no spouse present, living with one or more relatives (e.g., single parent families).
Female Headed Family - A household headed by an adult female, with no spouse present, living with one or more relatives (e.g. single parent families).
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, less than age 6, and older than age 6.
Poverty- The poverty status of a family is based on the families total income and whether or not it falls before the poverty cutoff. This cutoff is based on the assumed costs of families nutritional needs and differs according to family's size and composition. For example, the 1990 Census used a poverty cutoff of $12,675 for a family of four. Incomes can be expressed as a ratio of the poverty cutoff. For example, if the poverty cutoff for a family of four is $12,675 a family income up to 1.5x the poverty cutoff is equal to $19,012 (1.5x$12,675). A family of four is considered "near poor" if their income is greater than $12,1675 and less than $19,012. The following categories are used in this file. Poor - income below the poverty cutoff Near Poor - income 1-1.5x the poverty cutoff Middle - income between 1.5x and 5x the poverty cutoff Comf - income above 5x the poverty cutoff
Age of mother - The following age groups are included: <25, 25-34, 35-44. 45-54, 55-64.
Ouestions:
1. Are married couple families more likely to have children and younger children than other family types? CROSSTAB child by family type variable. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the family variable.)
2. If we just examine families with young mothers (less than age 25), are married couple families more likely to have children and younger children than other family types? CROSSTAB child by family type controlling for age of mother.
3. What is the poverty status of all families together with young children and families without children? CROSSTAB child by poverty.
4. How does the poverty status of families with young children differ for female headed and married couple families? CROSSTAB child by poverty and then CONTROL for family type.
5. Are poor families with children more likely to be married couple or female headed families? Use the MODIFY command to combine the two age groups of children. CROSSTAB the child by family type, then CONTROL for poverty. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 14: Ohio Childbearing Trends and Race
Data: BORNMR59.OH
women 1950- 1990
Definitions:
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45+. For
this exercise we are
interested in
women 35-44 because most of them have completed their childbearing.
Race - Unfortunately this data file only contains two racial groups: Black and Nonblack. Black refers to persons who identified their race as Black and the Nonblack category includes all other groups.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are no longer alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
State - Divides the data set into those respondents that lived in Ohio at the time of the census and those who lived in any other state besides Ohio.
Ouestions:
1. Has childlessness increased in recent decades in Ohio? Report the percentage of women 35-44 year old who had no children for each decade. Crosstab child and year and CONTROL for age and state. (HINT: For each year the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are women in Ohio more likely to have 3 or more children than the rest of the country? Report the percentage of 35-44 year old women having three or more children for each year in Ohio and the rest of the U.S. Crosstab child and year and CONTROL for age and state.
3. Do black women in Ohio have more children than nonblack women in Ohio and how has this pattern shifted? Crosstab child and year control for age, state, and race. Determine the percentage of 35-44 year old women that have had a birth each decade for each race category in Ohio. Use the CONTROL command three times to control for age, race, and state. Describe the differences and any change you observe over time.
4. Are most childless women in Ohio black or nonblack? Do you observe any change over time? Use the MODIFY command to combine the None EM and None NM groups together. Look only at the 35-44 year old childless women in OHIO, and report the percentage in each racial group. Be sure to do this for each year. (HINT: The percentages should sum to 100.0 for each category of the child variable.)
GROUP 15: Childbearing Trends and Marital Status in Ohio
Data: BORNMR59.OH
women 1950-1990
Definitions: Marital Status -Class)fied into the following categories: currently married - currently married and not separated never married - single and never has been married divorced - legally divorced who have not remarried separated - living apart from spouse but are not yet legally di widowed - spouse has died and have not remarried
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-19, 20-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45+. For this exercise we are interested in women 35-44 because most of them have completed their childbearing.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
State - Divides the data set into those respondents that lived in Ohio at the time of the census and those who lived in any other state besides Ohio.
Ouestions:
1. Is childlessness increasing more in Ohio than the rest of the country? Report the percentage of 35- 44 year old women who have never had a child for Ohio and for the rest of the U.S. for each decade. CROSSTAB child and year CONTROL for age and state. (HINT: For each decade the percentages should sum to 100.0)
2. Are married women more likely than women with other marital histories to have never had a child? Is this true for each decade? Report the percentage of 35-44 year old women who have never had a child in each year for each marital status and decade. Crosstab child and year and control for age and marital history.
3. Are the levels of childless for married women in Ohio the same as for the rest of the country in the last three decades (1970- 1990)? Report the perecentage of 35-44 year old married women who have never had a child for each decade in Ohio and the rest of the U.S. Crosstab child and year and control for age and marital history and state.
4. Have most women who are childless women never-married and has this shifted since 1970? Determine the marital status of childless 35-44 year old women. Crosstab child and marital status control for year and age. (HINT: For each category of the child variable, the percentages should sum to 100.0)
GROUP 16: Teens and Marital Status in Ohio
Data: BORNMR59.OH
women 1950- 1990
Definitions: Marital Status -Class)fied into the following categories: currently married - currently married and not separated never married - single and never has been married divorced - legally divorced who have not remarried separated - living apart from spouse but are not yet legally d widowed - spouse has died and have not remarried
Age - The following age groups are included: 15-19, 20-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45+. For this exercise we are interested in women 35-44 because most of them have completed their childbearing.
Children - Based on a response to a census question asked to women ages 15 and over, married or unmarried. Includes all children born to a woman, including those that are not alive or no longer living with the mother. When compiled for women who are past their prime childbearing ages, this statistic can be used to measure the completed childbearing of these women. In this data file the variable has the following categories: none, one, two, three or more.
State - Divides the data set into those respondents that lived in Ohio at the time of the census and those who lived in any other state besides Ohio.
QUESTIONS:
1. Are teens more likely to have children in 1970 than in 1990? Report the percentage of 15-19 year old women who have had a child in 1970, 1980 and 1990. Crosstab child by age and control for year. (Hint:The percentages for the 15-19 year old age group should sum to 100.0)
2. Are teens in Ohio more likely to have children in recent decades the teens in the rest of the country? Report the percentage of 15-19 year old women have had a child in 1970, 1980, and 1990 for Ohio and the rest of the country. Crosstab child by age and control for year and state.
3. Are married teenage women more likely to have a child than never married teenage women? Describe the differences and any change you observe since 1970. Determine the percentage of 1519 year old married women that have had a birth each year and provide the same percentages for the never-marred women. Report these percentages for 1970, 1980, and 1990. CROSSTAB child by age and CONTROL for year and marital status.
4. In 1990 do similar percentages of teenage never-married women have children in Ohio compared to the rest of the U.S.? Present the percentage of teenage never-married women who have had a child in Ohio in 1990 and the same percentage for the rest of the U.S. CROSSTAB child by age control for marital status year and state.
5. In 1990 are most children born to teenagers born to married women
and how does this differ for Ohio and the rest of the country? Report the
percentage of 15-19 year old women who have had a birth who are currently
married in Ohio and the rest of the U.S. CROSSTAB child by marital status
control for age, year, and state. (HINT: For each child category the percentages
will sum to 1 00.0)